Questions on Spinoza: Emotions and Freedom

1. "Insofar as the mind has adequate ideas, it is necessarily active, and insofar as it has inadequate ideas, it is necessarily passive"; why?

2. How can ideas that are inadequate in the human mind be adequate for God?

3. What does it mean to say that the endeavor of the mind is equal to the endeavor of the body? And how is such endeavor related to the emotions?

4. Why are our actions always good?

5. How is the capacity of the body to affect and be affected by other bodies related to the capacity of the mind to think?

6. Why does an emotion cease to be passion as soon as we form a clear and distinct idea of it? And how is this possible, if an emotion is simply the idea of a modification of the body?

7. "The mind can bring it about, that all modifications or images of things may be referred to the idea of God"; how? And why does this entail the love of God?

8. Why can God not love or hate anyone, nor can anyone hate God?

9. How is it possible for the mind to conceive the essence of the body under the form of eternity (sub specie aeternitatis)?

10. What does it mean to say that the mind insofar as it is eternal is the adequate or formal cause of the third kind of knowledge (intuition)?

11. What is the intellectual love of God? How is it identical to God's love of himself?

12. How are two seemingly conflicting aspects of Spinoza's thought--namely, his emphases on personal ethical development and a holistic view of the universe--actually consistent?