Questions on Locke: Language and Knowledge

1. What does Locke mean when he says that general words represent or signify general ideas? Why don't general ideas represent or signify general things (i.e., universals)?

2. What is the difference between real and nominal essences? And why are they always identical regarding simple ideas and different regarding substances?

3. How is Locke's description of knowledge of real existence unlike the other three sorts of knowledge he describes (and perhaps even inconsistent with his general definition of knowledge)?

4. What are the three degrees of knowledge? And how is the third degree of knowledge different in kind from the other two?

5. What are Locke's two responses (in your own words) to skeptical doubts about the certainty of sensitive knowledge?

6. How, according to Locke, can we know (i.e., be certain) that our ideas "agree" with things in terms of simple ideas? in terms of complex ideas?

7. How can knowledge about morality be as certain as that of mathematics?

8. In what way do we not have knowledge about substances, and in what way can we have such knowledge?

9. Locke notes that when our senses provide us with an idea, we cannot doubt that there is something producing the idea; but how do we know that that something is the thing we perceive?

10. In what way is the knowledge we can attain sufficient for those things about which we are most concerned?