Figure
1: Initial conditions of CNTL from west to east in the middle of Domain 1. PV
anomalies (blue thin lines, ci=0.1PVU, negative value
dashed), meridional winds (ci=2.5m/s) green thin
lines, negative value dashed), 1.5PVU potential vorticity
(brown thick line) and potential temperatures (red thin lines, ci=6K). The distance between tick marks is 1000 km.
Figure
2: Initial conditions for 10 experiments. Vertical cross section of initial potential
temperature (thin line, ci = 6 K) and zonal velocity
(thick line, ci = 10 m s−1) for the
initial basic-state jet. The gray thick line denotes the location of the
tropopause where potential vorticity equals 1.5 PVU.
)
Figure
3: Vertical velocities adapted from Fig. 6 in Z04. CNTL simulated potential
temperature (thick line, ci = 5 K) and vertical
velocity (solid, positive; dashed, negative; ci= 
; values 
shaded) at the 13-km
level valid at (a) 102 and (b) 108 h, and along the cross section AB valid at
(c) 102 and (d) 108 h. The straight line AB in (a) and (b) denotes the location
of the cross section in (c) and (d). Contours of potential temperature greater
than 340 K are generally flat but dense in the stratosphere and were thus not
plotted in (c) and (d). The distance between tick marks in (a) and (b) is 100
km.
Figure
4: CNTL simulated 8-km pressure (thick line, ci = 4 hPa), the residual of the nonlinear balance equation
(shaded, solid, positive; dashed, negative; ci=
), and wind speed over 40m/s (bold contours, ci=5m/s) valid at (a) 78, (b) 84, (c) 90, (d) 96, (e) 102,
and (f) 108 h The straight line DE denotes the location of the cross section
plotted in Fig. 11 . The distance between tick marks is 300 km. Adapted from
Fig. 9 in Z04.
Figure 5: Potential
temperature
(ci = 5K), 
vector and geopotential 
(ci
= 1000 m2s-2) at 7km. Adapted from RSS94 Fig. 13.
Figure
6: CNTL simulated Flow pattern at 6km at 90h(a),
96h(b), 102h(c), 108h(d). Pressure (dashed lines, ci
= 6hPa), potential temperature 
(red solid lines, ci=5K), 1.5 PVU (brown thick lines) and wind speed (black
lines, ci=5m/s starts at 40m/s). The distance between
tick marks is 300 km.
Figure
7: CNTL simulated flow imbalanced flow at 6km at 90h(a),
96h(b), 102h(c) and 108h(d). Imbalance 
(shaded, solid,
positive; dashed, negative; ci=) , (red solid lines, ci=5K), vertical velocity(blue thin lines, solid, positive;
dashed, negative; ci=0.5cm/s in (a), ci=1.0cm/s in (b), ci=1.5cm/s in
(c), ci=2cm/s in (d)); and 1.5PVU (brown thick
lines). The distance between tick marks is 300 km.
Figure
8: Imbalance on tropopause denoted by 1.5PVU plane. (shaded,
solid, positive; dashed, negative; ci=) and geopotential (blue solid
lines, ci=800m). The distance between tick marks is
300 km.
Figure
9: Surface features for all the five cases.
Potential temperature (red thin lines, ci=8K) and sea level pressure (Blue thin lines, ci = 6 hPa). Green boxes denote
the area in Fig. 15-18. The distance between tick marks is 300 km.
Figure
10: Upper level jet. Isotachs (values greater than
35/ms light shaded, dark shaede regions are values
great than 55m/s for a-h, 65/ms for i, j), wind
vector, geopotential (thick lines, ci=100m) and ( (thin lines, ci=5k)
on 300 hPa. The distance between tick marks is 300
km.
Figure
11: Divergence pattern 9-12 hours before gravity waves are plotted in Fig. 15.
Divergence (thin line; solid and shaded, positive; dashed, negative; ci = 2 × 10−6 s−1),
pressure (thick line, ci = 2 hPa)
and wind vectors. The distance between tick marks is 300 km.
Figure
12: Divergence pattern at times gravity waves are displayed in Fig. 15.
Divergence (thin line; solid and shaded, positive; dashed, negative; ci = 2 × 10−6 s−1), pressure
(thick line, ci = 2 hPa)
and wind vectors. The distance between tick marks is 300 km.
Figure
13: (a) Time series of MSLP (minimum sea level pressure) in Domain 2 for 10
experiments. (b) Minimum perturbation pressure for the cyclone in Domain1 (hPa).
Figure
14: Growth rates in terms of perturbation pressure for five experiments. Stars
indicate the timing for each case in Fig. 20. Big circles indicate the timing
GWs are shown in Fig. 15.
Figure
15: Vertical velocities (solid, positive; dashed, negative; ci
= ; values shaded) and (blue thick line, ci = 5 K) on 13km in Domain 3. Timing of plots is the same
as in Fig. 12. The area is indicated by green box in Fig. 9-12. The distance
between tick marks is 100 km.
Figure
16: Vertical velocities (solid, positive; dashed, negative; ci
= 
; values shaded) and (red thick line, ci = 5 K) along cross sections indicated in Fig. 15
Figure
17: Perturbation vertical velocities 
(solid, positive;
dashed, negative; ci= 
; values 
shaded) and (blue thick line, ci = 5 K) on 13km. The distance between tick marks is 100
km.
Figure
18: Perturbation vertical velocities (solid, positive;
dashed, negative; ci= ) and (thick lines, ci = 5 K) along cross sections indicated in Fig. 15
Figure 19: Response
function (15) for the filter used in Figure 17 18 and 21.
